A Comprehensive Assessment Of Economic Inequality And...

Martin Gilens provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic inequality and political power in America. He explores on how the affluence of politicians influences the political setting of the country. According to the author, political equality is considered as the philosophy of democracy. Due to the inequalities that exist among the citizens regarding information, social and political affairs, it would be impractical to anticipate equal influence over policy making. Nature and the degree of representative inequalities depict the extent of democracy in a particular society. The author points out that when the inequalities in the political influence intensify, democracy shifts into oligarchy, whereby the wealthy few rule the society.†¦show more content†¦The article pinpoints the fact that it is difficult to disentangle the personal preferences of the Congressional members from influences that could affect their behaviors in decision-making. There is no reliable techniqu e of measuring the personal preferences of the representatives that are unaffected by the demands presented by their constituents. Various scholars who have analyzed this scenario have made efforts to assess the roles that are played by individual preferences through identifying some individual characteristics that are related to the interests and preferences of the representative. For instance, the personal wealth of the member might be linked with their economic policy preferences, and the use of tobacco by the member may be linked to their tobacco legislation preferences. Gilens also carried research on the professional histories of the representatives before their entrance to the Congress. Unlike the previous assessment that the author had carried out about the economic status, he found out that the histories of the members are related to their Congressional voting records. Gilens also finds significant differences between the representatives and most of the conformist professions. The author attributes the differences to the types of districts or the states that the authors were elected from instead of any independent influence of their professional backgrounds. The article is further supplemented by

The External World Skeptic Argument - 2463 Words

Skepticism argues that we do not know things about the external world. The External World Skeptic argument holds that we cannot, in principle, know things about the external world. Skeptical arguments aim to disprove the Standard Account of Knowledge, which claims that we do in fact know things about the external world. We come to know things through observation and experience, testimony, memory, introspection, and reasoning (Epistemology Lecture Notes). Skeptics claim that all of evidence we have for our knowledge are consistent with alternative hypotheses. The Traditional Account of Knowledge requires a justified, true belief for knowledge. Knowledge requires truth because we can only know things that are true. The factivity of knowledge means that everything we know must be true. Knowledge also calls for belief because you cannot know something you do not accept as true. Finally, knowledge must be justifiable because you need a basis, or evidence, for your true belief to count as knowledge. Skepticism objects the way we come to know things and our knowledge of things by claiming that we do not actually know things about the external world and that our evidence is consistent with alternative skeptical hypotheses. A skeptical hypothesis aims to show that the world is different externally from how you view it internally. There are many different of skeptical hypotheses, such as the Brain in the Vat Argument, the Cartesian Demon Hypothesis, the Evil Genius Theory, and so on.Show MoreRelatedIn this paper I will argue for an externalist view that I consider to be the strongest rebuttal to1200 Words   |  5 Pages Before I present the argument I think it is important that we define skepticism and externalism. The type of skepticism that we will be discussing, is the view that we don’t know anything about the external world. That is, we dont have any prima facie justification or reason to believe anything about the external world. The skeptic argues that even if we think a belief is justified, its just an illusion. For example the skeptic might use the brain-in-a-vat argument which claims somethingRead MoreMore on the Problem of the External World887 Words   |  4 PagesMore on the problem of the external world In his paper about the problem of the external world Stroud’s conclusion is that we can’t prove we are not dreaming. He takes as he calls it, a ‘sceptical’ standpoint by saying that there is not solution to the problem of the external world. There are two main objections to Stroud’s position towards the skeptics like Descartes. First, saying there is not solution to the problem of the external world is just as skeptic and it does not take us anywhere. SecondRead MoreDescartesArgument For Skepticism1120 Words   |  5 PagesIn Descartes’ first meditation, he proposes an argument for skepticism about the external world based on the possibility of dreaming. I will argue that Descartes’ argument for skepticism is flawed. In this essay I will explain Descartes’ argument, explain why Descartes’ argument is flawed, and consider an objection to my own argument. 1. Descartes’ Argument In order for Descartes to doubt the existence of the external world, he has to establish that he could be dreaming. In Descartes’ first meditationRead MoreIs Global Skepticism Justified? Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge of anything (Feldman 109). As a global skeptic, we would not only challenge the same things that limited skeptics confront, but we would challenge the very essence of our being. If this form of skepticism is valid, we would have to reexamine all of what we think we know and have knowledge of. Is there an external material world? Are we living in matrix-type situations? Perhaps, we are just brains in vats and are cruelly forced to perceive a world that is truly not reality. One can see how thisRead MoreModern Philosophy Of The Modern World And The External World1157 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophers dance around the question, â€Å"What is real and what is not?† Although there are many arguments for and against the internal world and the externa l world, I tend to lead towards the skeptics point of view. I do this on the simple notion that many of the skeptics arguments are hard to refute. Much like Sextus Empiricus, I argue that we cannot know anything with absolute certainty about the external world. â€Å"Those who say that Sceptic deny appearances seem to me to be ignorant of what we say†Read MoreDescartes Vs. Descartes Philosophy1142 Words   |  5 Pages Rene Descartes’ begins to illustrate his skeptical argument as presented in Meditation l. Descartes basic strategy to approaching this method of doubt is to defeat skepticism. This argument begins by doubting the truth of everything, from evidence of the senses to the fundamental process of reasoning. Therefore, if there is any truth in the world that overcomes the skeptical challenge then it must be indubitably true. Thus, creating a perfect foundation for knowledge. The first Meditation is anRead MoreReasons for the Rejection of Anti-Realism in Relation to Mental Disorders 1422 Words   |  6 Pagesattempt to explain reason’s for the rejection of anti-realism in relation to mental disorders by psychologist George Graham of Georgia State University. In this essay I will explain the relevance of realism and anti-realism as well as present two arguments that Graham proclaims support anti-realism. This analysis of Graham’s thoughts and ideas on anti-realism and mental disorders will be squarely based upon the information supplied by Graham in his book titled, The Disordered Mind. In this book, theRead MoreDoes Moore Successfully Refute The Skeptic s Argument?1952 Words   |  8 PagesStudent Number: 2121206 Professor Kisolo-Ssonko Knowledge and Justification 22 October 2015 Does Moore Successfully Refute the Skeptic’s Argument? I. Introduction In his paper â€Å"Proof of an External World,† G. E. Moore discusses what exactly defines an external world, and how we can know that one exists. He addresses Kant, who laments the following: â€Å"It still remains a scandal to philosophy†¦that the existence of things outside of us†¦must be accepted merely on faith, and that, if anyone thinks goodRead MoreEpistemology : Empiricism And Rationalism Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of whether or not there is a world outside of one’s own mind is a question that has been widely debated over time. This is such a controversial topic because there is no definite answer or explanation that can be proven to be completely accurate. An entire branch of philosophy has become committed to focusing on this topic alone. Epistemology is the study of questions regarding knowledge, how we can prove knowledge, and whether or not as humans we have any limit to the amount of knowledgeRead MoreOn Epistemology and Skep ticism Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesstance on how to define knowledge, skeptics simply doubt that a reason or proposition offered is correct and suppose it to be false or flawed in some manner. See the examples below as identifiers of the skeptic way of life. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines skepticism as denial or doubt of a particular belief, fact, or action. Skepticism deals primarily with questioning knowledge from an opposing perspective and refrains from making truth claims. Skeptics don’t assert that knowledge is

The World And Human Beings - 1663 Words

Scripture: The event of creation stands as the first time God shows His existence even though He existed before creation took place. We also see that Christ was a being who lived with God and without Him there could be nothing (1 John 1:1-3). During the actual event of creation (Gen 1), God took six complete days to finish it. He created everything from the heavens to the earth and all that lives within them. He created light and darkness, land and water and separated them, and animals that roam the earth and the sea. He then created man in His own image so that we could rule the earth and all that lives in it. During the event of creation we see that God is the creator of all things and the Lord of all things. We are to give Him praise for His creation of the world and human beings (Revelation 4:11). He created His Son as a visible image of Him who is the invisible image. He created the heavens and the earth, and shows his authority over evil on earth. He does not stop evil, but He clears a path for us to avoid and get away from evil. He sent His Son to reconcile us back to God (Colossians 1:16-20). This passage shows that God is the creator of all things and has power over everything that has been created. He created everything from nothing that is visible. Christ sustains the world and without Him there would be complete chaos. Theologians: Horton, Bray, Berkhof There are three main points that Horton points out about creation in the first part of this chapter, whichShow MoreRelatedBeing a Human in the Brave New World by Aldous Huxley659 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, humans are created by the World State. Also they are conditioned human souls to have a synthetic, dream-like life. In the World State, people are happy. Almost everything is thought of for the World State citizens, and people perform their duties with no complaint since they are designed to fit their job and their social status. From birth or hatching, till they become active in society, all citizens goes through psychological and chemical processing, where manyRead MoreIn The World Right Now There Are Over 7 Billion Human Beings1381 Words   |  6 PagesIn the world right now there are over 7 billion human beings living scattered across the globe. Some live in remote areas such as Antarctica or on small secluded i slands in the pacific. But does living so far away from other humans mean that they are safe from diseases that can possibly kill them? Living in close proximity with other human beings may have its benefits in terms of communication, trade and comfort. But some features of human societies may lead to an enhanced risk of a super infectiousRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Slavery906 Words   |  4 Pages Human Trafficking Have you ever heard about human trafficking? Some people would say that human trafficking is no more in this world because now everyone become educated they themselves became victim. Others would say that human trafficking is illegal business, human being sale human being. Even I did not believe that human trafficking was here in the United States, but human trafficking was all over the world. â€Å"Trafficking in human beings is a dressing phenomenonRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Augustine’s and Ireneaus Theodicy1478 Words   |  6 Pagesomnipotence of God. God himself is all powerful but after creating the world, he Himself would not be able to control the actions that human beings create in changing it. When God created the world, with absolutely no evil and suffering, he saw what he had done and saw it was all good. God did not deprivate the world from having evil and suffering and he has no reason to have any blame for it as God created the world with nothing bad inside it. Evil is not a substance that couldRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Northrop Frye Motive For Metaphor868 Words   |  4 Pagesupon an uninhabited island. The experience of being stranded will cause you to pose many questions, with the possibility of only one of those questions to being answered. One answered question is: what is the purpose of literature? Northrop Frye, within â€Å"Motive for Metaphor†, uses the analogy of being within an uninhabited island to examines the purpose of literature by connecting it to the purposes of language and their use within the different worlds and levels of the mind Frye sees present. ItRead MoreThe Relationship Connecting the Sociology of Religion and World-Building1035 Words   |  5 Pagesaccording to Peter Berger, is a â€Å"dialectical phenomenon† (3). Society is a dialectic phenomenon in that it is a human product, and nothing but a human product, that yet continuously acts back upon its producer. Society is a product of man. Religion emerges out of human beings as part of an ordered and meaningful social reality and in turn, humans emerge out of this socially constructed world. Berger parses the dialectical phenomenon into three concepts: externalization, objectivation, and internalizationRead MoreThe Book Of Romans By Apostle Paul1512 Words   |  7 Pagesthere. He talks about how should human beings view the natural world, their identity, and relationship with God. Romans chapter one to eight shows the aspects of those areas: God so loved human beings that He reveals Himself through natural world that people could know Him; true human identity ca n be discovered by seeing God’s image within human beings, and to do so, Jesus need to justify, sanctify, and glorify them; the relationship between God and human beings were broken due to a sin, but throughRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights? Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagessimply because you are human Every single human being on this planet has rights (What Are Human Rights, n.d). These rights are given to us through birth, and the day I was asked, what my human rights were, I found myself speechless. I did not know how to answer the question, which at the time sounded so easy. I forgot about the question that had me so puzzled, and just brushed it off, ironically six month later I get an assignment on the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. After readingRead MoreGlobal Issues Profile Essay : Human Rights1191 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Issues Profile Essay Cuba: Human Rights Yasamin Saaed Ms. Pang, Per: 3 10 December 2015  Everyone has the right to life, freedom, and security. Human rights are the basic freedoms and rights that people are entitled to. All around the world people are being mistreated and the authorities are not respecting people and their human rights. Human rights are essential in order to have equality, freedom, and order. These rights, such as freedom of speech, the right to be free from prejudice,Read MoreHuman Trafficking : The Post Modern Slavery?1353 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Date: February 19, 2016 Human Trafficking: The Post-Modern Slavery? Introduction: Human trafficking, being such a hideous crime, that privates people from their right to freedom, is not only largely hidden, but the victims are also often forgotten; could be extinguished if the problem received more attention by the authorities. Being a crime that exists since the beginning of the times, we should expect to see more action being taken against people being taken (sometimes against their

Management And Organizations Environment â€Myassignmemthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management And Organizations In Global Environment? Answer: Introducation According to Thomas Friedman the world has experienced three different eras. The first era of globalization happened when countries colonized other countries. For example British colonized India or Germans colonized many European countries. The multinational organizations initiated the second era of the globalisation. The digital revolution brought the third where the globalization is focused on individuals. Though all the nations are connected through the globalization, the cultural conflicts will rise as well. Every nation, culture or organization does not possess enough knowledge about other cultures which will cause the conflicts. The cultural conflicts will have negative impact on the businesses. According to Friedman because of the internet revolution the world is flat; however one needs to investigate more before approving it completely. It cannot be denied the definition is more appropriate for the developed world. There are many parts of the world where the people do not have internet access. The cultural, social or ethical value of individual is different which prevents the world to be entirely flat. In Friedmans discussion internet is the main deciding factor but it should not be, as there are many other factors other than the internet which should be considered. The internet has limited the world to common space where the interactions among individuals are increasing. However it cannot be concluded that just because of this every individual is globalised. This has opened up possibilities for the multi nation al companies to business all over the world. They see more destinations where the business can expand but to achieve the individual globalization they have to go a long way. Ghemawat explained in his book World 3.0 the world is far from becoming individually globalised. Ghemawat has contradicted Friedman by saying that the sudden change the internet brought over influenced him and the theory and conclusion he proposed lack adequate scientific data. He believed that the large investment, communication and immigration have been improved because of the globalization but there are many gaps that still exist. Hofstede defined cultural dynamics in the following six frameworks: Power Distance: This dimension is based upon the interdependence among the members of a community. The individualistic society focuses on I where a collectivist society focuses on We. If a certain society scores low it needs to focus more on the collective method in order to resolve those issues. How a community or nations focuses on long term or short term planning and relationship, this dimension decides that. Indulgence: The community works effectively by their ability to value each others perspectives and accept that. This is very significant for a company in the era of third globalization. The country needs to be internally forceful in order to deal with that. Professor McSweenys views on immigration have influenced to a large extent. The fundamentals of nations have been transformed by immigration and culture. However a nation cannot be identified by a single culture as there can be many cultures within one society. At the same time an individual culture or single subculture cannot define the whole. However personal beliefs and perspectives should be respected by every responsible individual. The example of Mr. Trompenaar is particularly significant here. He was having troubles with the management and his colleagues because he used to approach the management directly if any issue occurred with the customer. Most of the time he failed to expresses his explanations clearly to the management. The management had given him some rights and liberty which allowed him to offer discounts to the customers. After that there were no problems and this resulted in 30 % increase in the company profit. Peoples acceptability of a specific society defines the low context or high context culture. In the high context culture the things are generally simple and small but in the low context culture there exist complex behaviors and emotions. For example in a project or meeting the Indians express low context but the Americans express high context culture. Organisational culture The organizational culture can be defined by the way one organization works. The hierarchical structure of the organization is maintained by the organizational conducts. The employee mentality, impact of stories on the staff, power structure, framework control, authoritative structure, schedules, images and customs work in the development of the hierarchical culture. The organizational stories are created by the discussion that the employees have inside or outside the organization. The organizations well being is reflected on the stories. Ingvar Kamprad is considered as a legend because of his creation of IKEA. His strategies and concepts entirely changed the IKEA operations. The daily actions of the workers within the organizational work flow are accepted by everyone. Many examples can be drawn in IKEAs organizational culture, like the employees travelling by economy class or bus or his staying in hotels during business trips. The blue colored casual dresses can be worn by the employees at the work place. The symbol is an important part of the organizational culture. The symbols of an organization can be expressed in many ways like the dress code or the company logo or any sign that the company uses officially. The color of the IKEA employee dresses is blue which symbolizes the color of the national flag of Sweden. The company also maintains the Swedish side by providing play corners or scales, pencils and papers. Thorough this, value of the worker is defined in written or unwritten manner. The strategic role can be played by the organizational culture as well. IKEA follows an organizational structure which is non-horizontal in nature. The management maintains the Anti Bureaucrat week every different management level work collaboratively on the same level. There is various control systems are at work in any organizational structure. Quality system, reward system, HR system and financial system are part of the organisational control system. IKEA works its best to reduce its product cost without compromising quality. IKEA make sure that the stores with better service and low cost receives the rewards. Management maintains a close relationship with the employees in order to enhance the quality. The top management mostly takes the important organizational decisions and most of the time they are only few people. An effective organization everyones right is well protected. IKEA has become more open and adaptive as now more number of cultural diverse people work for the company Reference Anon, Geert Hofstede. The hofstedecentre. Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html [August 24, 2017]. Arno Christian, 2011. Building A Cross-cultural Web Design For A Wider Audience. Onextrapixel. Available at: https://www.onextrapixel.com/2010/06/22/building-a-cross-cultural-web-design-for-a-wider-audience/ [August 24, 2017]. Burt, S., Johansson, U. and Thelander, ., 2011. Standardized marketing strategies in retailing? IKEAs marketing strategies in Sweden, the UK and China.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,18(3), pp.183-193. Colin Davies, Managing Director at C21 Consulting Ltd Follow, 2012. Cultural web. LinkedIn SlideShare. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/c21colindavies/cultural-web [August 24, 2017]. Duncker, E., Sheikh, J.A. and Fields, B., 2013, July. From global terminology to local terminology: A review on cross-cultural interface design solutions. InInternational Conference on Cross-Cultural Design(pp. 197-207). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Friedman, J., 2004. Globalization.A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, pp.179-197. Friedman, T., 2005. The world is flat: A brief history of the globalized world in the 21st century.London: Allen Lane. Ghemawat, P., Actually, the world isn't flat. PankajGhemawat: Actually, the world isn't flat | TED Talk | TED.com. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/pankaj_ghemawat_actually_the_world_isn_t_flat.html [August 24, 2017]. Guillotin, B. and Mangematin, V., 2015. Internationalization Strategies of Business Schools: How Flat Is the World?.Thunderbird International Business Review,57(5), pp.343-357. Khamis, S., 2016. Brand IKEA in a Global Cultural Economy: A Case Study.Consumer Culture: Selected Essays. Larsson, A. and Schiehle, S., 2016. The Effects of Diversity on Multinational Organisations: An exploratory case study investigating the cross-cultural management and organisational culture of IKEA. Peters, M.E., 2015. Open trade, Closed Borders Immigration in the era of Globalization.World Politics,67(1), pp.114-154.