Lab report for synthesis of polystyrene Essay Example

Lab report for combination of polystyrene Paper Every monomer is fused into the polymer is known as a recurrent unit or monomer buildup. The physical properties of a polymer are firmly reliant on the size or length of the polymer chain. A portion of the polymers and their forerunners are by means of radical system or necrophilia replacement. In this analysis, polystyrene, nylon 6, 10, and cellulose triplicate were set up by various instruments. Polystyrene was created through radical system from styrene. Nylon 6, 10 was produced from 1, 6-hexadecimal and sebaceous chloride with the loss of HCI by means of necrophilia replacement. Cellulose triplicate was produced by blending cotton balls and acidic anhydride with acidic condition under warming. Materials: Styrene, 1 M Noah arrangement, Cacao(s), xylem, t-butyl probationer, methanol, 5% fluid arrangement of 1 , 6-hexadecimal, Noah(s), 5% sebaceous chloride in hexane, frosty acidic corrosive, concentrated HOSES, cotton balls, acidic anhydride, CHICHI Procedure: For the amalgamation of polystyrene, 10 ml styrene and 20 ml of 1 M Noah arrangement was put in separators channel and they were concealed for a few times. Watery layer was disposed of. The styrene layer was washed with water and dried with Cacao(s). The styrene was put in 100 ml cup and 25 ml xylem and 7-8 drops of the t-butyl probationer was included. The response blend was refluxed for 30 minutes. The arrangement was cooled to room temperature. Half of the blend was filled a measuring glass with 100 ml methanol. The white hasten was gathered utilizing attractions filtration and dried. A modest quantity of outstanding polystyrene arrangement was poured onto a watch glass to watch the film. We will compose a custom paper test on Lab report for union of polystyrene explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab report for combination of polystyrene explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab report for combination of polystyrene explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For the union of nylon 6, 10, 10 ml of a 5% was bound in a 50 ml recepticle. One pellet Noah was added with twirling to break up. 10 ml of 5% sebaceous chloride in hexane was added cautiously to the measuring utencil. The interface (Nylon 6,1 0) was pulled out among natural and fluid layer with a twisted spatula. The layers were then mixed enthusiastically to acquire a wad of nylon and dried. For the union of cellulose, 5 ml of chilly acidic corrosive, 1 drop of con. HOSES and 1 Goff cotton balls was included was included a halted tapered jar kept up at 70-ICC water shower for 20 minutes. Acidic anhydride (5 ml) as then added to the re-plug carafe and was set in water shower with once in a while mixing for 20 min. 15 drops water was added to the flagon and the unstopped carafe was put in water shower for 5 min. 50 ml water was added to the arrangement. Cellulose triplicate was gathered by pull filtration which was washed with water. 18 ml CHICHI and 2 ml methanol were blended and warmed to a bubble. Cellulose triplicate was added to acquire soaked arrangement and the measuring utencil was expelled from heat. Some anhydrous Nassau was included. The arrangement was sifted onto a water glass delivering a film from the surface. Result and Discussion: For section A (blend of polystyrene), two layers were seen when styrene and Noah(aqua) were added to a separators pipe for extraction. The upper layer was yellow and lower layer was dismal. Same outcome was seen when washing with water. During the reflux, arrangement was changed from light yellow to drab. After reflux, a major white encourage was framed when methanol was included. The item was followed on the outside of channel paper during pull filtration. From the watch glass, a dull film of polystyrene was watched. For part B (union of Nylon 6, 10), when sebaceous chloride was added to Noah in 1, 6-hexadecimal, two layers was created with little gas. Little warmth was additionally created. The interface between natural layer and watery layer was smooth. The nylon 6, 10 was white strands. For part C (union of cellulose triplicate), after acidic anhydride was added to the blend and warmed by water shower for 20 miss, the cotton balls were broken down to orange-earthy colored arrangement. The white accelerates were delivered after 1 5 drops of water for hydrolysis were included. In the wake of including around 50 ml of water, he white-dim cellulose triplicate encourages were created. After cellulose triplicate was added to the blend of CHICHI and methanol, the arrangement changed from vapid to pale earthy colored. After some anhydrous Nassau were included, the arrangement became like paste. The white film was delivered from the surface when the arrangement was separated. To some extent A (polystyrene), Noah was added to expel inhibitor from styrene so as to experience radical instrument. It is on the grounds that so as to keep the styrene from promoting during stockpiling, the substance 4-decorative liners is included pleasant it is an extreme inhibitor (otherwise called a decent chain eliminator). A few inhibitors might be polar which can be disintegrated in Noah. Water was then added to evacuate overabundance Noah in the arrangement. Xylem was added as a dissolvable to break down polystyrene as them two are natural. In any case, the polystyrene can't be broken down in methanol so after that some methanol was included during test, the white polystyrene was hastened out. The boring clear film followed on the channel paper showed up in light of the fact that promotion happens making the arrangement thicken and the thickness to increment. Combination of polystyrene: The development of radical initiator: Overall: Styrene polystyrene t-butyl probationer goes about as radical initiator since it contains - 0-0-bunch which is entirely unsteady and responsive. Polystyrene was framed an enormous atoms (styrene) made out of rehashing auxiliary units. Blend of Nylon 6, 10: The manufactured polymers are ordered by their technique for union. The engineered strategy for polystyrene is chain-development while that of nylon is step-development. When blending Noah and sebaceous chloride, two layers were framed. During the cutting out, the warmth was created. The development of warmth is because of the arrangement of amide bond, which is exothermic. The nylon 6, 10 was framed in the interface which was smooth. In light of the manner in which polypeptides are framed, nylon would appear to be restricted to unbranded, straight chains. The nylon 6,10 can frame H-bond because of amide gathering so the material is extreme. Cellulose triplicate, likewise referred to just as triplicate, CAT and TACT, is produced from cellulose and a wellspring of acetic acid derivation esters, commonly acidic anhydride. The triplicate is gotten from cellulose which originate from the beginning preliminary, cotton balls in this trial, by means of enactment instrument. The cellulose acetic acid derivation is broken down in a blend of deceleration and methanol for turning. Cellulose is for the most part gotten from wood mash and cotton. For the procedure of age of cellulose triplicate, the icy acidic corrosive and con. HOSES were utilized to give acidic medium to the activity of acidic anhydride. While including acidic anhydride, the cotton balls were broken up into earthy colored paste arrangement. It is on the grounds that actuation happened.

Dividend Payout Decision Making Process

Profit Payout Decision Making Process Section ONE Presentation Foundation: Profit approach is a significant segment of the corporate money related administration arrangement. It is a strategy utilized by the firm to choose with respect to how much trade it ought to reinvest out its business through extension or offer repurchases and the amount to pay out to its investors in profits. Profit is an installment or return made by the firm to the investors, (proprietors of the organization) out of its income as money. For quite a while, the subject of corporate profit approach has enraptured the interests of numerous academicians and specialists, bringing about the rise of various hypothetical clarifications for profit strategy. For the speculators, profit fill in as a significant marker of the quality and future thriving of the business, accordingly organizations attempt to keep up a steady profit provided that they diminish their profit installments, financial specialists may presume that the organization is confronting an income issue. Speculators lean toward consistent development of profits each year and are hesitant to venture to organizations with fluctuating profit approach. After some time, there has been a significant increment in the quantity of components distinguished in the writing as being essential to be considered in settling on profit choices. In this way, broad examinations have been done to discover different variables influencing profit payout proportion of a firm. Nonetheless, there is no single clarification that can catch the baffling truth of corporate profit conduct. Sea profound judgment is included by chiefs to determine this issue of profit conduct. The choice of organizations to hold or pay out the income in type of profits is significant for the augmentation of the estimation of the firm (Oyejide, 1976). Along these lines, organizations should set a productive objective profit payout proportion, where it delivers profits to its investors and simultaneously keeps up adequate held income as to abstain from havin g collect assets by getting cash. An extreme test was looked by money related experts and numerous scholastics, when Miller and Modigliani (MM) (1961) accompanied a recommendation that, given impeccable capital markets, the profit choice doesn't influence the firm worth and is, along these lines, unessential. This suggestion was welcomed with shock in light of the fact that around then it was generally recognized by the two scholars and corporate directors that the firm can improve its business esteem by accommodating an increasingly liberal profit approach and that an appropriately overseen profit strategy affected offer costs and investor riches. Since the MM study, numerous scientists have loosened up the presumption of flawless capital markets and expressed speculations about how directors ought to detail profit arrangement choices. Issue Statement: Profit strategy has pulled in a generous measure of research by numerous scientists and scholars, who have given hypothetical just as experimental perceptions, into the profit puzzle (Black, 1976). Despite the fact that scientists and scholars have stretched out their examinations in setting to profit choices, the issue with respect to why companies appropriate a bit of their income as profits isn't yet settled. The issue of profit approach has animated a lot of discussion among budgetary investigators since Lintners (1956) original work. He estimated significant changes in income as the key determinant of the organizations profit choices. There are numerous components that influence profit choices of a firm as it is hard to set out an ideal profit arrangement which would augment the since quite a while ago run abundance of the investors coming about into increment or decline of the organizations esteem, however the essential marker of the organizations ability to deliver profits has been Profits. Mill operator and Modigliani (1961), DeAngelo and DeAngelo (2006) gave their suggestion on the profit unimportance, yet the contention made by them was on suspicions that werent functional and truth be told, the profit payout choice affects the investors esteem. The examination centers around distinguishing different determinants of profit payout and whether these elements impact the profit payout choice. Research Objective: There are numerous hypotheses in the corporate fund writing tending to the profit issue. The reason for study is to comprehend the components impacting the profit choice of organizations. The particular destinations of this investigation are: To examine the financials of the organization, to draw a system of variables, for example, Retained profit, Age of the organization, Debt to Equity, Cash, Net salary, Earnings per share and so on answerable for profit presentation. To comprehend the criticality of a companys gainfulness (as far as Earnings per share) part in affirmation of profits. To quantify each factor exclusively on how it influences the profit choice. Research Questions: RQ1. What is the connection between profit payout and firms obligation? RQ2. What is the connection between profit payout and Profitability? RQ3. What is the connection between profit payout and liquidity? RQ4. What is the connection between profit payout and Retained Earnings? RQ5. What is the connection between profit payout and Net Income? Commitment of the Study: Profit choice is a significant money related choice made by firms, supervisors, and speculators. This investigation expects to add to the corporate money writing, by taking a gander at the Dividend puzzle. An endeavor is made to make an important commitment in two significant manners: Hypothetical and Empirical methodology is taken to give a far reaching view regarding the matter. The exact Approach taken in this examination will leave some encouraging future thoughts. The exact discoveries and ends contained in this examination can be utilized by monetary supervisors to advise profit choices. Confinements of Study: The territories of worry to research in this examination are broad. Because of the Time imperative and openness of information, the exploration will be constrained to the accompanying: The time of study is just three years 2006 to 2008. The exploration has considered just those organizations who deliver profits. The investigation is centered uniquely around firms exchanging on the New York Stock Exchange. Structure of the Paper: The rest of the sections will be composed as follows: Part Two: Literature Review This section talks about the various speculations set down in setting to profit arrangement and clarifies the connection between profit payout and its determinants as finished up by the investigation of various specialists and scholars. Section Three: Research Methodology This section clarifies the exploration theory and gives an unmistakable investigation of the strategies and the model utilized for information examination. The use of the measurable tests utilized are clarified altogether. Part four: Data Analysis and Findings To address the examination questions, results acquired from the relapse investigation will be assessed and talked about in this part. Part five: Recommendations and Conclusion. This part Concludes the whole examination and gives suggestions dependent on the discoveries and investigation done in the past section and proposals for future research. Part TWO Writing REVIEW Profit stays probably the best puzzler of current account. Corporate profit approach is a significant choice territory in the field of money related administration henceforth there is a broad writing dedicated to the subject. Profits are characterized as the appropriation of income (present or past) in genuine resources among the investors of the firm with respect to their proprietorship. Profit arrangement alludes to administrations long haul choice on the most proficient method to use incomes from business exercises that is, the amount to furrow once again into the business, and the amount to come back to investors (Khan and Jain, 2005). Lintner (1956) directed an outstanding report on profit conveyances, his was the principal exact investigation of profit approach through his meeting with directors of 28 chose organizations, he expressed that most organizations have obvious objective payout proportions and that supervisors fret about change in the current profit payout as opposed to the measure of the recently settled payout. He additionally expresses that, Dividend strategy is set first and different strategies are then balanced and the market responds emphatically to profit increment declarations and adversely to declarations of profit diminishes. He estimated significant changes in income as the key determinant of the organizations profit choices. Lintners study was extended by Farrelly et al. (1988), who, sent a survey to 562 firms recorded on the New York Stock Exchange and inferred that administrators acknowledge profit strategy to be applicable and significant. Lintners see was additionally upheld by the exam ination aftereffects of Fama and Babiak (1968) and Fama (1974) who recommended that supervisors lean toward a steady profit strategy, and are reluctant to expand profits to a level that can't be bolstered. Fama and Babiaks (1968) concentrate likewise reasons that Net salary seems to clarify the profit change choice better than an income measure. The examination by Adaoglu (2000), Amidu and Abor (2006) and Belans et al (2007) expressed that total compensation shows positive and huge relationship with the profit payout, in this way demonstrating, the organizations with the positive income deliver more profits. Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (1961) made a suggestion that the estimation of a firm isn't influenced by its profit approach. Profit approach is a method of splitting working incomes among speculators or only a money related choice. Budgetary scholars Martin, Petty, Keown, and Scott, 1991 upheld this hypothesis of superfluity. Mill operator and Modiglianis end on the insignificance of profit strategy introduced an extreme test to the customary way of thinking of time up to that point, it was generally recognized by the two scholars and corporate chiefs that the firm can improve its business esteem by accommodating a progressively liberal profit arrangement as contribute

4 FTP Services Heavy Lifting Simplified

4 FTP Services Heavy Lifting Simplified Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 FTP Services: Heavy Lifting SimplifiedUpdated On 08/01/2016Author : Edward KhooTopic : Desktop AppsShort URL : http://hbb.me/1VicRdD CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you need to move large, data-dense files from point A to point B, chances are your e-mail service won’t have the capacity to ship these heavy files to their destinations â€" at least not as a single e-mail attachment.Some users slice and dice video and audio files, sending them piece by piece for reconstruction by the recipient, but that’s time-consuming and, at times frustrating. In these cases, you need a quality FTP service.FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. Simply put, it’s a huge hard drive that enables you to upload large data files with a single click, where they can then be stored for safe keeping or downloaded by the recipient when needed.FTP services also provide off-site data sto rage to increase the security of critical information. If your home office burns down, if your laptop is stolen or you get hacked, your off-site FTP service has all your files stored safely a thousand miles away so you can restore your data and your business with a click.Here are some suggestions and recommendations to help you transfer and/or store data quickly and securely.1. FileZilla delivers a free FTP solution with both client and server availability. FileZilla is OSS and distributed under the standard terms of the GNU General Public License.There’s an active forum if you run into problems or have questions, a wiki section that provides useful tips on getting the most from this OSS data transfer system and there’s even a bug and feature request tracker supported by a growing community of developers.For OSS, FireZilla offers a ton of useful documentation on how to compile FileZilla in the development section of the web site. There’s a x-platform and Windows-only version f or free download, as well.Free is always nice but if the data you send is sensitive, and security is an issue, I’d recommend a secure FTP service, or sFTP. This is especially true if you employ an FTP client for off-site storage.Whenever I see the regular development of security patches, I can only assume that there’s a reason behind the development of these fixes. And while there’s no indication that FireZilla’s FTP is a target for crackers and hackers, if the data stored or transferred is business-related, you might look more closely at a full-bore sFTP service for peace of mind.2. SmartFTP is what’s loaded on my hard drive. It’s the industry standard for the secure transmission and storage of data.Start off with SmartFTP’s 30-day free trial. You get the robust Professional edition to use for 30 days so you can try out all the features. After the 30-day trial period, you pay a licensing fee, but the SmartFTP license is perpetual, meaning you pay once for the license and you can use the current version download forever.And, at least in my mind, the license fees are reasonable. A single user pays $36.95 USD and that comes with a year of server maintenance so it’s a pretty good deal. SmartFTP bulk licenses are available in Home and Professional packages, and prices are set on a sliding scale â€" the more users, the lower the cost per user â€" a pretty good deal for the small business owner who requires off-site storage and the ability to securely transmit data to and from remote sites.I also like the long menu of features that come standard with Smart FTP:sFTP over SSH (lock-down security encryption)An intuitive GUI that your clients can use without a long learning curveThumbnail views and a preview option, something I appreciate when we’re working on the third or fourth revision of a web site or hard-copy graphics collaterals. I don’t have to open a file to see what it contains. Sweet.A highly-flexible scheduler let’s you plan up-and down -loads during off-peak hours so you make better use of network and web bandwidth during the work day and schedule data uploads or downloads for 2:00 AM when no one is in the office.UTF-8 supportDrag and drop ease of useRemote site connectivity enables your personnel to access FTP downloads and uploads from anywhere. Simply log in and go to work, wherever you are. This is a great tool when you’re collaborating face-to-face with a client. Simply download the latest rendition from Smart FTP for presentation. Your data is always secure, your hard drive always has available storage.READiSkysoft iPhone Data RecoveryWhile not free, the cost of a SmartFTP license is so low (and it’s a perpetual license) you’ll enjoy years of data accessibility, increased network bandwidth and data security for a few bucks. To me, it’s worth it.3. FireFTP is an OSS, cross-platform FTP client module designed to sync up with Mozilla’s popular Firefox browser.As the use of Firefox has increased, so ha ve the modular apps developed for this powerful surfing tool. So what do you get? A lot.SSL/TLS and SFTP â€" the same encryption used by banks and large, on-line commercial sites (very nice)Simple syncro keeps your directories in line while navigating through reams of dataA directory comparison feature that also compares sub-directories, enabling you to snag the latest version of whatever you’re working onFull UTF8 character support for ensured encryption regardless of what language your data is created in.Auto-resume â€" a feature that picks up the up- or down-load during interruptions so you don’t have to re-start an upload when transfer is cut-offTutorials, and plenty of themTimestamp syncroFile compression (Mode Z standard)In fact, this is the FTP client I recommend to friends looking for free data transfer and storage. There’s an active developers board and, as with all Mozilla products, there’s an active support community so help is usually just a click away.Check it o ut. FireFTP is deep in features, is evolving constantly (check regularly for security patches, de-bugging programs and other fixes on the developers forum) and, best of all, it won’t cost you a penny, though donations are always welcomed. (Make one. It’s the nice thing to do.)4. DriveHQ is accessible across all OS including Mac and Linux. It’s a virtual FTP client and hosting service. The free version comes with 1GB of offsite storage, which is enough for the one-person business. If you need additional storage capabilities, Drive HQ offers a premium service tier that delivers a simple file manager interface, automated online backup (for those of us who forget to backup and backup often) and full FTP services encryption.DriveHQ is built for B2B activities and is probably too pricey for the one-person business, working out of a spare room at home. However, if your business requires a powerful off-site storage tool, DriveHQ is worth a click and a look.What do you get in the goodi e box?Automated file AND email backup â€" very helpful when critical data resides in your email client (I have over 700 emails stored on my drive, all containing important contact and project-in-progress information.)Easy website hosting (use DriveHQ as your on-ramp to the W3 and eliminate monthly hosting costs)Complete access control (files are password protected and encrypted)Remote site access for quick sharing (no need to carry data to a client’s office stored on a thumb drive) so you look like a pro no matter where you goGroup accounts and sub-accounts enable online collaborationSimplified folder syncro keeps your files up-to-date so you know you’re always working on the latest versionThe cost for off-site storage is low â€" 2GB is just $2.99 USD a month and that 2 gig spread covers your entire network on-site and from remote sites. 5 gig of iBackup (recommended) is only $14.95 USD a month.Drag and drop downloads (ideal for clients who are unfamiliar with DriveHQ)Data compr ession to all W3C standards speeds uploads and downloads, freeing up valuable bandwidthNetwork syncro and real-time syncroYou never know when disaster is going to strike. And if all of your critical business data is stored on your network server or, worse, your single computer hard drive, your business data can be wiped out in the blink of an eye.FTP services provide easy file transfer, even data-dense files, secure, encrypted off-site data storage and simple access to the web so you can become your own web host and save some money each month on those hosting fees.

A Comprehensive Assessment Of Economic Inequality And...

Martin Gilens provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic inequality and political power in America. He explores on how the affluence of politicians influences the political setting of the country. According to the author, political equality is considered as the philosophy of democracy. Due to the inequalities that exist among the citizens regarding information, social and political affairs, it would be impractical to anticipate equal influence over policy making. Nature and the degree of representative inequalities depict the extent of democracy in a particular society. The author points out that when the inequalities in the political influence intensify, democracy shifts into oligarchy, whereby the wealthy few rule the society.†¦show more content†¦The article pinpoints the fact that it is difficult to disentangle the personal preferences of the Congressional members from influences that could affect their behaviors in decision-making. There is no reliable techniqu e of measuring the personal preferences of the representatives that are unaffected by the demands presented by their constituents. Various scholars who have analyzed this scenario have made efforts to assess the roles that are played by individual preferences through identifying some individual characteristics that are related to the interests and preferences of the representative. For instance, the personal wealth of the member might be linked with their economic policy preferences, and the use of tobacco by the member may be linked to their tobacco legislation preferences. Gilens also carried research on the professional histories of the representatives before their entrance to the Congress. Unlike the previous assessment that the author had carried out about the economic status, he found out that the histories of the members are related to their Congressional voting records. Gilens also finds significant differences between the representatives and most of the conformist professions. The author attributes the differences to the types of districts or the states that the authors were elected from instead of any independent influence of their professional backgrounds. The article is further supplemented by

The External World Skeptic Argument - 2463 Words

Skepticism argues that we do not know things about the external world. The External World Skeptic argument holds that we cannot, in principle, know things about the external world. Skeptical arguments aim to disprove the Standard Account of Knowledge, which claims that we do in fact know things about the external world. We come to know things through observation and experience, testimony, memory, introspection, and reasoning (Epistemology Lecture Notes). Skeptics claim that all of evidence we have for our knowledge are consistent with alternative hypotheses. The Traditional Account of Knowledge requires a justified, true belief for knowledge. Knowledge requires truth because we can only know things that are true. The factivity of knowledge means that everything we know must be true. Knowledge also calls for belief because you cannot know something you do not accept as true. Finally, knowledge must be justifiable because you need a basis, or evidence, for your true belief to count as knowledge. Skepticism objects the way we come to know things and our knowledge of things by claiming that we do not actually know things about the external world and that our evidence is consistent with alternative skeptical hypotheses. A skeptical hypothesis aims to show that the world is different externally from how you view it internally. There are many different of skeptical hypotheses, such as the Brain in the Vat Argument, the Cartesian Demon Hypothesis, the Evil Genius Theory, and so on.Show MoreRelatedIn this paper I will argue for an externalist view that I consider to be the strongest rebuttal to1200 Words   |  5 Pages Before I present the argument I think it is important that we define skepticism and externalism. The type of skepticism that we will be discussing, is the view that we don’t know anything about the external world. That is, we dont have any prima facie justification or reason to believe anything about the external world. The skeptic argues that even if we think a belief is justified, its just an illusion. For example the skeptic might use the brain-in-a-vat argument which claims somethingRead MoreMore on the Problem of the External World887 Words   |  4 PagesMore on the problem of the external world In his paper about the problem of the external world Stroud’s conclusion is that we can’t prove we are not dreaming. He takes as he calls it, a ‘sceptical’ standpoint by saying that there is not solution to the problem of the external world. There are two main objections to Stroud’s position towards the skeptics like Descartes. First, saying there is not solution to the problem of the external world is just as skeptic and it does not take us anywhere. SecondRead MoreDescartesArgument For Skepticism1120 Words   |  5 PagesIn Descartes’ first meditation, he proposes an argument for skepticism about the external world based on the possibility of dreaming. I will argue that Descartes’ argument for skepticism is flawed. In this essay I will explain Descartes’ argument, explain why Descartes’ argument is flawed, and consider an objection to my own argument. 1. Descartes’ Argument In order for Descartes to doubt the existence of the external world, he has to establish that he could be dreaming. In Descartes’ first meditationRead MoreIs Global Skepticism Justified? Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge of anything (Feldman 109). As a global skeptic, we would not only challenge the same things that limited skeptics confront, but we would challenge the very essence of our being. If this form of skepticism is valid, we would have to reexamine all of what we think we know and have knowledge of. Is there an external material world? Are we living in matrix-type situations? Perhaps, we are just brains in vats and are cruelly forced to perceive a world that is truly not reality. One can see how thisRead MoreModern Philosophy Of The Modern World And The External World1157 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophers dance around the question, â€Å"What is real and what is not?† Although there are many arguments for and against the internal world and the externa l world, I tend to lead towards the skeptics point of view. I do this on the simple notion that many of the skeptics arguments are hard to refute. Much like Sextus Empiricus, I argue that we cannot know anything with absolute certainty about the external world. â€Å"Those who say that Sceptic deny appearances seem to me to be ignorant of what we say†Read MoreDescartes Vs. Descartes Philosophy1142 Words   |  5 Pages Rene Descartes’ begins to illustrate his skeptical argument as presented in Meditation l. Descartes basic strategy to approaching this method of doubt is to defeat skepticism. This argument begins by doubting the truth of everything, from evidence of the senses to the fundamental process of reasoning. Therefore, if there is any truth in the world that overcomes the skeptical challenge then it must be indubitably true. Thus, creating a perfect foundation for knowledge. The first Meditation is anRead MoreReasons for the Rejection of Anti-Realism in Relation to Mental Disorders 1422 Words   |  6 Pagesattempt to explain reason’s for the rejection of anti-realism in relation to mental disorders by psychologist George Graham of Georgia State University. In this essay I will explain the relevance of realism and anti-realism as well as present two arguments that Graham proclaims support anti-realism. This analysis of Graham’s thoughts and ideas on anti-realism and mental disorders will be squarely based upon the information supplied by Graham in his book titled, The Disordered Mind. In this book, theRead MoreDoes Moore Successfully Refute The Skeptic s Argument?1952 Words   |  8 PagesStudent Number: 2121206 Professor Kisolo-Ssonko Knowledge and Justification 22 October 2015 Does Moore Successfully Refute the Skeptic’s Argument? I. Introduction In his paper â€Å"Proof of an External World,† G. E. Moore discusses what exactly defines an external world, and how we can know that one exists. He addresses Kant, who laments the following: â€Å"It still remains a scandal to philosophy†¦that the existence of things outside of us†¦must be accepted merely on faith, and that, if anyone thinks goodRead MoreEpistemology : Empiricism And Rationalism Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of whether or not there is a world outside of one’s own mind is a question that has been widely debated over time. This is such a controversial topic because there is no definite answer or explanation that can be proven to be completely accurate. An entire branch of philosophy has become committed to focusing on this topic alone. Epistemology is the study of questions regarding knowledge, how we can prove knowledge, and whether or not as humans we have any limit to the amount of knowledgeRead MoreOn Epistemology and Skep ticism Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesstance on how to define knowledge, skeptics simply doubt that a reason or proposition offered is correct and suppose it to be false or flawed in some manner. See the examples below as identifiers of the skeptic way of life. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines skepticism as denial or doubt of a particular belief, fact, or action. Skepticism deals primarily with questioning knowledge from an opposing perspective and refrains from making truth claims. Skeptics don’t assert that knowledge is

The World And Human Beings - 1663 Words

Scripture: The event of creation stands as the first time God shows His existence even though He existed before creation took place. We also see that Christ was a being who lived with God and without Him there could be nothing (1 John 1:1-3). During the actual event of creation (Gen 1), God took six complete days to finish it. He created everything from the heavens to the earth and all that lives within them. He created light and darkness, land and water and separated them, and animals that roam the earth and the sea. He then created man in His own image so that we could rule the earth and all that lives in it. During the event of creation we see that God is the creator of all things and the Lord of all things. We are to give Him praise for His creation of the world and human beings (Revelation 4:11). He created His Son as a visible image of Him who is the invisible image. He created the heavens and the earth, and shows his authority over evil on earth. He does not stop evil, but He clears a path for us to avoid and get away from evil. He sent His Son to reconcile us back to God (Colossians 1:16-20). This passage shows that God is the creator of all things and has power over everything that has been created. He created everything from nothing that is visible. Christ sustains the world and without Him there would be complete chaos. Theologians: Horton, Bray, Berkhof There are three main points that Horton points out about creation in the first part of this chapter, whichShow MoreRelatedBeing a Human in the Brave New World by Aldous Huxley659 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, humans are created by the World State. Also they are conditioned human souls to have a synthetic, dream-like life. In the World State, people are happy. Almost everything is thought of for the World State citizens, and people perform their duties with no complaint since they are designed to fit their job and their social status. 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Management And Organizations Environment â€Myassignmemthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management And Organizations In Global Environment? Answer: Introducation According to Thomas Friedman the world has experienced three different eras. The first era of globalization happened when countries colonized other countries. For example British colonized India or Germans colonized many European countries. The multinational organizations initiated the second era of the globalisation. The digital revolution brought the third where the globalization is focused on individuals. Though all the nations are connected through the globalization, the cultural conflicts will rise as well. Every nation, culture or organization does not possess enough knowledge about other cultures which will cause the conflicts. The cultural conflicts will have negative impact on the businesses. According to Friedman because of the internet revolution the world is flat; however one needs to investigate more before approving it completely. It cannot be denied the definition is more appropriate for the developed world. There are many parts of the world where the people do not have internet access. The cultural, social or ethical value of individual is different which prevents the world to be entirely flat. In Friedmans discussion internet is the main deciding factor but it should not be, as there are many other factors other than the internet which should be considered. The internet has limited the world to common space where the interactions among individuals are increasing. However it cannot be concluded that just because of this every individual is globalised. This has opened up possibilities for the multi nation al companies to business all over the world. They see more destinations where the business can expand but to achieve the individual globalization they have to go a long way. Ghemawat explained in his book World 3.0 the world is far from becoming individually globalised. Ghemawat has contradicted Friedman by saying that the sudden change the internet brought over influenced him and the theory and conclusion he proposed lack adequate scientific data. He believed that the large investment, communication and immigration have been improved because of the globalization but there are many gaps that still exist. Hofstede defined cultural dynamics in the following six frameworks: Power Distance: This dimension is based upon the interdependence among the members of a community. The individualistic society focuses on I where a collectivist society focuses on We. If a certain society scores low it needs to focus more on the collective method in order to resolve those issues. How a community or nations focuses on long term or short term planning and relationship, this dimension decides that. Indulgence: The community works effectively by their ability to value each others perspectives and accept that. This is very significant for a company in the era of third globalization. The country needs to be internally forceful in order to deal with that. Professor McSweenys views on immigration have influenced to a large extent. The fundamentals of nations have been transformed by immigration and culture. However a nation cannot be identified by a single culture as there can be many cultures within one society. At the same time an individual culture or single subculture cannot define the whole. However personal beliefs and perspectives should be respected by every responsible individual. The example of Mr. Trompenaar is particularly significant here. He was having troubles with the management and his colleagues because he used to approach the management directly if any issue occurred with the customer. Most of the time he failed to expresses his explanations clearly to the management. The management had given him some rights and liberty which allowed him to offer discounts to the customers. After that there were no problems and this resulted in 30 % increase in the company profit. Peoples acceptability of a specific society defines the low context or high context culture. In the high context culture the things are generally simple and small but in the low context culture there exist complex behaviors and emotions. For example in a project or meeting the Indians express low context but the Americans express high context culture. Organisational culture The organizational culture can be defined by the way one organization works. The hierarchical structure of the organization is maintained by the organizational conducts. The employee mentality, impact of stories on the staff, power structure, framework control, authoritative structure, schedules, images and customs work in the development of the hierarchical culture. The organizational stories are created by the discussion that the employees have inside or outside the organization. The organizations well being is reflected on the stories. Ingvar Kamprad is considered as a legend because of his creation of IKEA. His strategies and concepts entirely changed the IKEA operations. The daily actions of the workers within the organizational work flow are accepted by everyone. Many examples can be drawn in IKEAs organizational culture, like the employees travelling by economy class or bus or his staying in hotels during business trips. The blue colored casual dresses can be worn by the employees at the work place. The symbol is an important part of the organizational culture. The symbols of an organization can be expressed in many ways like the dress code or the company logo or any sign that the company uses officially. The color of the IKEA employee dresses is blue which symbolizes the color of the national flag of Sweden. The company also maintains the Swedish side by providing play corners or scales, pencils and papers. Thorough this, value of the worker is defined in written or unwritten manner. The strategic role can be played by the organizational culture as well. IKEA follows an organizational structure which is non-horizontal in nature. The management maintains the Anti Bureaucrat week every different management level work collaboratively on the same level. There is various control systems are at work in any organizational structure. Quality system, reward system, HR system and financial system are part of the organisational control system. IKEA works its best to reduce its product cost without compromising quality. IKEA make sure that the stores with better service and low cost receives the rewards. Management maintains a close relationship with the employees in order to enhance the quality. The top management mostly takes the important organizational decisions and most of the time they are only few people. An effective organization everyones right is well protected. IKEA has become more open and adaptive as now more number of cultural diverse people work for the company Reference Anon, Geert Hofstede. The hofstedecentre. Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html [August 24, 2017]. Arno Christian, 2011. Building A Cross-cultural Web Design For A Wider Audience. Onextrapixel. Available at: https://www.onextrapixel.com/2010/06/22/building-a-cross-cultural-web-design-for-a-wider-audience/ [August 24, 2017]. Burt, S., Johansson, U. and Thelander, ., 2011. Standardized marketing strategies in retailing? IKEAs marketing strategies in Sweden, the UK and China.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,18(3), pp.183-193. Colin Davies, Managing Director at C21 Consulting Ltd Follow, 2012. Cultural web. LinkedIn SlideShare. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/c21colindavies/cultural-web [August 24, 2017]. Duncker, E., Sheikh, J.A. and Fields, B., 2013, July. From global terminology to local terminology: A review on cross-cultural interface design solutions. InInternational Conference on Cross-Cultural Design(pp. 197-207). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Friedman, J., 2004. Globalization.A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, pp.179-197. Friedman, T., 2005. The world is flat: A brief history of the globalized world in the 21st century.London: Allen Lane. Ghemawat, P., Actually, the world isn't flat. PankajGhemawat: Actually, the world isn't flat | TED Talk | TED.com. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/pankaj_ghemawat_actually_the_world_isn_t_flat.html [August 24, 2017]. Guillotin, B. and Mangematin, V., 2015. Internationalization Strategies of Business Schools: How Flat Is the World?.Thunderbird International Business Review,57(5), pp.343-357. Khamis, S., 2016. Brand IKEA in a Global Cultural Economy: A Case Study.Consumer Culture: Selected Essays. Larsson, A. and Schiehle, S., 2016. The Effects of Diversity on Multinational Organisations: An exploratory case study investigating the cross-cultural management and organisational culture of IKEA. Peters, M.E., 2015. Open trade, Closed Borders Immigration in the era of Globalization.World Politics,67(1), pp.114-154.

Hunger Games Movie vs Book Essay Example

Hunger Games Movie vs Book Essay The Hunger Games The Hunger Games is the first novel of The Hunger Games series written by Suzanne Collins in 2008. This novel is written in the first person point of view of the main character, Katniss Everdeen. Throughout the story, Katniss’s opinions are made clear to the audience. This intriguing novel shares Katniss’s struggles and overall victory of the 74th Annual Hunger Games. The Hunger Games story takes place in a post-apocalyptic society. The Capitol is a highly advance city that holds reign over the 12 districts. The Hunger Games is an annual contest hosted by the Capitol in which each district offers one boy and girl chosen by lottery or by choice, if willing. These tributes fight to the death in an arena where they have to fight for weapons and necessities for survival. Prim Everdeen, Katniss’s sister, is chosen by lottery to be tribute for District 12. Without hesitation, Katniss volunteers to be the tribute for District 12. Katniss and Peeta, the boy tribute from her district, are transported to the Capitol. This is where the audience gets to see the difference between the 12 districts. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Movie vs Book specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Movie vs Book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger Games Movie vs Book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Katniss’s district, District 12, is the poorest, where many people starve to death; however, District 1 is the wealthiest and don’t face the same challenges as Katniss. The tributes from District 1 and 2 are trained from birth to be tributes in the Hunger Games. These â€Å"Career† tributes volunteer themselves to participate in the Hunger Games and believe it is an honor to serve their district. This story leads the audience in further when Peeta confesses his love for Katniss during the interviews held prior to the Games. When the Games begin, Katniss shows her true ability to survive in the wilderness. She uses her knowledge from surviving in District 12 to help her eat and sleep high in the trees. In the beginning of the Hunger Games, Peeta forms an alliance with the Career tributes, while Katniss forms an alliance and friendship with Rue, the tribute from District 11. After Rue is killed, Katniss is back to surviving the games on her own until the announcer informs the tributes that two contestants can win if they are from the same district. Katniss finds Peeta and nurses him back to health. Finally, the only tributes that are left are Katniss, Peeta, and the Career Tribute from District 1. The tribute is eaten by â€Å"mutations†, which nearly killed Katniss and Peeta. However, the tributes from District 12 are not out of the Games, because the announcer tells them that the rules have changed once again and now only one may be victor. When neither Katniss nor Peeta can kill each other, they decide to eat the night lock berries which would kill them immediately. Quickly, the announcer declares that Katniss and Peeta are both the victors of the 74th Annual Hunger Games. The Hunger Games was later turned into a movie in 2012. The book and the movie have several similarities. In both the movie and the novel, Katniss volunteers for the Games, saving her sister Prim. Another comparison is the Capitol’s power amongst the 12 districts. The most important similarity is that in both the novel and the movie, Peeta states that he does not want the Games to change him, for he wants to stay true to himself. Katniss does not know how that is possible, until she participates in the Hunger Games. In both the movie and the novel, Peeta does not murder any other tributes during the Games. The novel has some major differences as well. The mockingjay pin that Katniss wears for good luck represents District 12. In the book she receives this gift from the mayor’s daughter, Madge; however, in the movie, Katniss receives this pin from her younger sister, Prim. Another difference is Katniss’s relationship with her ally Rue. In the book, the author emphasizes their relationship and how they work together as a team during the Hunger Games. However, in the movie they keep their relationship short. The last difference occurs at the end of the novel. In the novel the beasts that kill the last tribute are called â€Å"muttations. † There are 9 of these beasts which resemble the fallen tributes. In the movie they are just beastly looking mutated dogs. The Hunger Games is a great book. It shows the differences in social class and has many underlying meanings. The movie was just as good and follows the plot very well. It was a little more futuristic looking than I had imagined from the novel, but still captured the overall theme well.

Electrochemical Cell EMF Example Problem

Electrochemical Cell EMF Example Problem The cell electromotive force, or cell EMF, is the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions taking place between two redox half-reactions. Cell EMF is used to determine whether or not the cell is galvanic. This example problem shows how to calculate the cell EMF using standard reduction potentials.The Table of Standard Reduction Potentials is needed for this example. In a homework problem, you should be given these values or else access to the table. Sample EMF Calculation Consider the redox reaction: Mg(s) 2 H(aq) → Mg2(aq) H2(g)a) Calculate the cell EMF for the reaction.b) Identify if the reaction is galvanic.Solution:Step 1: Break the redox reaction into reduction and oxidation half-reactions.Hydrogen ions, H gain electrons when forming hydrogen gas, H2. The hydrogen atoms are reduced by the half-reaction:2 H 2 e- → H2Magnesium loses two electrons and is oxidized by the half-reaction:Mg → Mg2 2 e-Step 2: Find the standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions.Reduction: E0 0.0000 VThe table shows reduction half-reactions and standard reduction potentials. To find E0 for an oxidation reaction, reverse the reaction.Reversed reaction:Mg2 2 e- → MgThis reaction has a E0 -2.372 V.E0Oxidation - E0ReductionE0Oxidation - (-2.372 V) 2.372 VStep 3: Add the two E0 together to find the total cell EMF, E0cellE0cell E0reduction E0oxidationE0cell 0.0000 V 2.372 V 2.372 VStep 4: Determine if the reaction is galvanic. Redox reactions with a posi tive E0cell value are galvanic.This reactions E0cell is positive and therefore galvanic. Answer:The cell EMF of the reaction is 2.372 Volts and is galvanic.

Hiring a Bank Teller Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hiring a Bank Teller - Assignment Example satisfies the requisite skill, experience, education and other job-related requirements of the employment position such individual holds or desires, and who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of such position. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability against a qualified individual† (Manju Banerjee et al 144). If Anna were to file a suit, the burden of proof would be on her to prove that she was in fact a qualified individual who would be able to handle the job functions that the boss described to her in the interview process. The crux of the issue with regards to the critical terms related to the ADA and their requisite consideration hinges upon the letter of the law with regards to whether Anna could ultimately represent the â€Å"skill† and â€Å"job related requirements† that the teller position required. Although Dave found himself in a difficult situation, and ultimately asked an illegal interview question, the fact of the matter was that he was ultimately unsure if she would be able to live up to the job related requirements that Dave required of all his bank tellers. In a word, Yes. If the employer is able to show that he/she cannot provide the accommodations that the individual requires because the cost of doing this would place an unreasonable burden on the company – it is possible that he/she may not have to do this. 5. What about Carl’s point the multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease and that Anna will almost certainly get worse, thus creating potential problems of absenteeism and health care costs. Can Dave consider this issue in his decision? The answer to this is both yes and no; however the fact remains that these factors should not enter into the discussion due to the fact that they are future eventualities and not based on anything other than the employer’s interpretation of stated fact and conjecture. Ultimately, he is unable and bound by law NOT to ask Anna bout

Cloning of Animals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cloning of Animals - Assignment Example This somatic cell is from the genetic donor. This is a process where â€Å"the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg† or an egg whose nucleus is removed in order to remove the female’s DNA. This female is the egg donor. These bad results of cloning like the oversized heads and the twisted limbs are due to the epigenetics problem. This is the â€Å"control of gene expression (specifically transcription), that is not dependent on DNA base sequence.† This means that SCNT, or somatic cell nuclear transfer, produces the epigenetic error. Why? (READ THE CAUSES): The same technology is used, of course. Those animals that are born alive from the SCNT process are processed as food. So far, cows, pigs and sheep are used as food. But cloned animals for food are not that practical. Why ? Because there are 3 basic problems with this: Second, (READ), Well, this is something we cannot change. Muslims can never eat pork and Hindus will never eat beef, whether cloned or natural. And Fundamental Christians are always against cloning, and they are assumed not to like cloned food. Third, (READ), and now you can imagine the cost of cloning to the government and this cost will be passed on to the taxpayers, and that’s US! I certainly don’t want to pay higher taxes just for people to eat beef from cloned cows or cloned fried chicken. 3. Third, (READ), this means that perhaps cloned food is delicious today and it seems healthy, but we don’t know what will happen later in life. This cloned food might damage the human body in the long run, and the chemicals in cloned food may cause various diseases. More research therefore is

Manifestations of Sexism Across Languages

Manifestations of Sexism Across Languages Social Sexism Language Abstract There is no denying that communication is one of the keys to success for individuals in a rapidly changing world. Why do mere words carry too much power? First of all, language can develop one’s consciousness from infancy. Children learning the language are likely to absorb the cultural assumptions, myths and prejudice underlying language use. Social inequity reflected in language, thus, can powerfully shapes children’s later behaviors and attitudes. In this way, language affects socialization of the community where it belongs. The aim of this paper is to develop human perspectives on sexism in language, its manifestations and its negative impacts on women. From theory to practice, the paper, furthermore, equips its readers with relevant guidelines to stay away from unwittingly using sexist language and apply the gender-neutral language. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Discrimination against women Sexism or gender discrimination means treating people differently on the grounds of their genders, which they were born to be. In a popular old feminist slogan, which goes â€Å"You start by sinking into his arms and end up with your arms in his sink†, the prevalence of sexism is beyond question. For years, men have held the dominant position of power and ruled the world while women have been considered inferior and useless. Even in our modern times, millions of women across the world are living in inequality, in injustice: their basic human rights are severely infringed due to no other reasons than their gender. Discrimination against women is manifested in numerous aspects of life such as education, work, enjoyment of benefits, freedom, power, etc. Take education as an example. Women, who make up 66% of the world’s illiterate adults, may account for 55% of college students but even after they successfully completed the same course of education or training, their equal work opportunities, and equal treatment in their career life are not guaranteed. Sex Discrimination in the Workplace According to Women’s World Summit Foundation, globally, women perform 66% of the world’s work, but receive only 11% of the world’s income, and own only 1% of the world’s land. Also, a report released in August 2007 by the US Census Statistics showed that womens earnings in 2006 were 76.9% of mens,  leaving the wage gap statistically  unchanged from  last year Unequal payment against women The manifestation of sexism can be found almost everywhere on earth, from most developed countries to developing countries and under-developed ones in Asia and Africa. In parts of the world, like China, India and Vietnam, parents may terminate the foetus or put the baby up to adoption on the basis that it is a girl. Abuses against women are social epidemics throughout the world. More often than not, men in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, South Africa, and Peru, etc. beat their wives and daughters at home at an astounding rate. In Ukraine, Nigeria, and Thailand, women are bought and sold, trafficked and forced to work as prostitutes. In the meantime, women in Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia tackle with discrimination that renders them unequal before the law. Even in the US, where freedom is believed to reach the extreme, breaking news and articles on polygamy keep showing up frequently in daily newspaper, radio and television. Recently, a huge scandal over a polygamist broke on the front page of all the papers. Warren Jeffs, head of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Texas, was convicted after he forced a 14-year-old girl to marry her cousin. That unfortunate girl is not the only case. Hundreds of other girls and women there suffer from the same ill-treatment. Members in the sect led by Jeffs believe that a man must marry at least three wives in order to ascend to heaven. Women are meanwhile taught that their path to heaven depends on being subservient to their husbands. 1.2. Gender Equality Thanks to the dawn of civilization, the vital roles of women have been recognized and gender equality has received major attention. Since the 1960s, feminism movements began and have blossomed all over the world. People’s attitude and ways of thinking toward women have been changing positively. In many countries, girls have the opportunity to go to school and enjoy the same rights as their male classmates. The number of female employees in the workplace has risen up dramatically. A peak in social changes is the adoption of Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women by the United Nations General Assembly on December, 18th, 1979. It came into full force as an international treaty after the twentieth country ratified it on September, 3rd, 1981. In its approach, the Convention covers three dimensions of the situation of women. Civil rights and the legal status of women are dealt with in great detail. In addition, the Convention, unlike other human rights treaties, is also concerned with the dimension of human reproduction as well as with the impact of cultural factors on gender relations. The implementation of the Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The Committees mandate and the administration of the treaty are defined in the Articles 17 to 30 of the Convention. The Committee is composed of 23 experts nominated by their Governments and elected by the States parties as individuals of high moral standing and competence in the field covered by the Convention. At least every four years, the States parties are expected to submit a national report to the Committee, indicating the measures they have adopted to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. During its annual session, the Committee members discuss these reports with the Government representatives and explore with them areas for further action by the specific country. The Committee also makes general recommendations to the States parties on matters concerning the elimination of discrimination against women. 1.3. Language as the reflector of society Language is not merely a means of communication; rather, it connects people to each other in social relationships and allows them to participate in a variety of activities in daily life. There is a reciprocal relationship between language and the society in which the society dominates the kind of language spoken in its community. And in return, people’s thought is strongly affected by their languages. Every little change in the thought takes language’s influence to the extreme, transcending the whole society. Consequently, under the canopy of sexism world, language in general or English in particular is greatly influenced and turns out to be sexist, creating Sexism in Language. For example, in the Western countries, the manifestation of sexist language emerged on the very early days in the Bible. This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day when God created man, he made him in the likeness of God. He created them male and female, and he blessed them and he named them Man in the day when they were created. (Genesis 5:1, 2) When Neil Armstrong, the legendary American astronaut, made his very first step on the moon, he uttered a memorable sentence: Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. If he had landed on the moon in the mid-90s, he would definitely have said a much more politically correct sentence: Thats one small step for a person, one giant leap for humankind.† which is less poetic but certainly more literally representative of the whole of the human race. In the progressive, civilized world today, women and men are to be recognized equal. In the same vein, sexist language should not be welcomed and that is the reason why neutral-gender language is preferred to the sexist one by many people. 1.4. Aims and objectives There is a long way to go until the deep-rooted concept of sexism vanishes completely though a lot of changes have come in subtle ways through our actions, our movements, our laws,. As one more step towards this end, important things like the usage of words should be taken into consideration. If children are exposed to sexist words used by their parents, relatives since their childhood, they will take it for granted that sexism is not a matter, that language is language and that we just swim with the tide. Clearly, language may shape human thought. Therefore, in this paper, my overall aim and objectives are: To raise public awareness in using language. To help English learners to improve their understanding in sexist language. To provide information that, to some extent, shows English learners to the right track of language usage so as not to unwittingly offend or hurt anyone. To describe how discrimination against women appears in spoken and written language and explain what sexist language is and what meaning lies behind it. To manifest sexism in Vietnamese roughly and sexism in English in more details. Last but not least, to provide English users with some practical tips to avoid sexist language. Chapter 2 Review Of The Related Literature The relationship between language and gender has long been of interest within sociolinguistics and related disciplines. The possibility of eliminating sexism from language originally stems from the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that language is not only shaped by society, but society by its language. Since the early 1900s, Edward Sapir first identified a new concept, which is language determinism. In his perspectives, language defines the way a person behaves and thinks. He believed that language and the thoughts that we have are somehow interwoven, and that all people are equally being affected by the confines of their language. Later, Benjamin Whorf, Sapir’s student, picked up on the idea of linguistic determinism and really made it his own. Whorf coined the so-called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which is more properly referred to as the Whorf hypothesis. Under this hypothesis, language is believed to be more than a way of voicing ideas, but the element which shapes those ideas. One cannot think outside the confines of their language. Whorf put his whole trust in linguistic determinism; that what one thinks is fully determined by its language. He also supported linguistic relativity, which means that the differences in language reflect the different views of different people. For example, Whorf conducted a study on the Hopi language. He did research on a Hopi speaker who lived in New York City near the place he lived. He concluded that Hopi speakers do not include tense in their sentences, and therefore must have a different sense of time than other groups of people. On a parting note, the strong form of the hypothesis is not now widely believed. After all, speakers of one language can explain and understand the conceptual systems of another language. And grammatical categories do not thoroughly explain cultural systems. Indo-European languages put gender into a grammatical category, and their speakers may be sexist but speakers of Turkish or Chinese, languages without grammatical gender, are not notably less sexist. A weak form of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that language influences without determining our categories of thought still seems justifiable, and is even backed up by some psychological experiments like the finding of Kay Kempton which depicts, in distinguishing colour triads, a pair distinguished by colour names can seem more distinct than a pair with the same name which are actually more divergent optically. As a field, prompted by the blossoming Western Women’s Movement, language and gender really took off in the 1970s with particular interest from feminist researchers, in the potential for male dominance of mixed-gender talk such as men interrupting women more often than the reverse case or in the clarification of distinction between female and male speaking styles and in sexism, or sexist bias, in language. The year 1975 can be regarded as a milestone in the study of language and gender in the West. In that year three important books were published. They are Robin Lakoff’s work Language and Women’s Place, Thorne and Henley’s co-edited collection named Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance, and Key’s book about Male /Female Language. With a closer look at Lakoff’s book, he focuses especially on female use of woman talk in society and the problems women must overcome to be seen as effective, strong thinkers and speakers. The author uses classroom observations and examples to convey the idea that children are taught to speak politely and to accept peoples ideas. Ridicule from older boys causes boys around the age of five to stop using woman talk and adopt a masculine language. Girls sustain their old language and are discouraged from using masculine language. As for adults, a problem arises when women has to handle both business and personal relationships. They use neutral language for business but mostly feminine language when talking to friends. If they refuse to talk like ladies, they are ridiculed for being masculine, but they are also ridiculed when they use feminine language because they are seen as unable to speak forcefully. Basically, women are damned if they do and damned if they dont. Men, from childhood on, have taken control over the society and speech by using strong expressions while women have had to adapt their language to variations, no matter business or personal. For instance, a woman may say an idea is terrific in a board meeting, but when she is talking to her female friend she may utter that the idea is divine. The adjectives used vary with a womans environment. Because women have to make adjustments in their speech, Lakoff observes, most women never really master either language or feel comfortable using both. Therefore, the overall effect of womans talk is to engage a womans personal identity and her ideas, erasing the chance to take power. Thanks to observations, the author notes that women outnumbered men in utilizing more tag questions (questions that dont commit the speaker to an idea either way) because they want reassurance that their statement is correct. Lakoff concludes that womens speech is devised by society and taught to girls through socialization to prevent the expression of ideas that may increase womens status. A writer and administrator at Arizona State University, Nelsin P.A (1977) carried out a study of the dictionary prescribing sexism in English. Using richly detailed historical evidence, she disclosed how often English expresses sexist assumptions among males and females. In her study, she read a desk dictionary and jotted down note cards on every entry that seemed to refer to male and female. Her collection of note cards brought to her mind the association of English with the society. As for her, â€Å"Language and society are intertwined as a chicken and an egg†. The values and beliefs of a culture can be revealed through its language. A language may change fast as new words can be easily introduced but it also takes a whale of time for old words and usages to disappear. Based on Nilsen’s note cards, she found out three main points about the comparison between men and women: â€Å"Women are sexy and Men are successful†, â€Å"Women are passive and Men are active† and â€Å"Women are connected with Negative Connotations; Men with Positive Connotations.† More recently, Marlis Hellinger and Madumod Bussman (2002) (as cited in Ansary and Babaii 2005), two German linguists published their work â€Å"Gender across Languages – Linguistic representation of women and men†. They have managed a long time of intensive preparation to create an outstanding project gathering linguists to present research on gender representation across 30 countries, namely China, Norway, Spain, Finland, Holland, Vietnam, etc. The project provides an incredible huge amount of new insights into the topic of linguistic representation of gender in different languages. Various pieces of linguistic research from different countries have been collected in three volumes. Each of the three volumes is introduced by an identical article of the editors giving some general information about the project, the topics to be discussed for the different languages in the volumes and the terminology used. Take Vietnamese research as an example. Ms. Hoa Pham manages to show in her very informative article in Vietnamese the role, social status and traditional values play for person reference forms. She focuses in her study on terms women and men use in various relationships in urban settings among young and/or educated people. Her study therefore emphasizes the role concrete communicational situations play in person reference. Vietnamese as a classifier language expresses gender mainly by special morphemes used as modifiers. The role gender specific reference takes and the way it is expressed is dependent on the communicational context including the relative status and age of the people addressed, speaking and referred to. Nevertheless, social changes play an important role here as well. Terms of address, self-reference and reference have changed in the last few decades with the change of womens roles in society. Chapter 3 Sexist Language 3.1 Background Definition Research on sex roles conducted by Swim, Mallett and Stangor (2004) indicates that sexism comes out in many forms, which are blatant, covert and subtle sexism. Both blatant sexism and covert sexism are defined as intended but differ from each other in the visibility. Blatant sexism which means unjust and discriminatory treatment of women relative to men is showed up obviously while covert sexism inclines to invisible ill-treatment of women. Compared to those two kinds, subtle sexism represents unfair treatment to women, which is hardly recognized for it is perceived as normative and conventional. Similar to covert sexism, subtle sexism is hidden away but it is not unintentionally harmful. In fact, subtle sexism is of particular interest of researchers due to its wide prevalence and adverse impacts on its victims. Sexist language is part and parcel of subtle sexism. It is the â€Å"language which devalues members of one sex, almost invariably women, and thus foster gender inequality†. In other words, sexist language consists of speeches and utterances that strengthens, perpetuates gender stereotypes and status differences between women and men. In a human life chart, sexist language may appear in the very first lines. Kids learn it from their parents, siblings, neighbors and as time passes by, it mutates and evolves into a linguistic habit. People may use sexist language for a handful of reasons. It may be owing to the tradition, the norm ingrained in current written and spoken language and hard to change. Some people lack the knowledge about what makes up sexist language. Some do not believe that such language is sexist. Others may attempt to uphold the hierarchism in their societies. 3.2 Sexism in English Is English sexist? There is nothing denying it. English, one of the world’s most spoken languages indeed proves to be sexist through its historical and current use. It has been a norm in the past to refer to individuals in general terms as being male as in the sentence: â€Å"When an average British goes out in the rain, he takes an umbrella with him.† To the ear of most of English speakers, the use of â€Å"she† and â€Å"her† in that context would sound a little strange. In deed, the word â€Å"woman† in English is defined in terms of â€Å"man†. From the Old English, the word â€Å"man† means â€Å"person† while â€Å"woman† clings to the view of â€Å"wife of a person†. In his translation of the Book of Genesis, which explained Eva was formed by a â€Å"spare rib† of Adam and Adam made his declaration: â€Å"This is now bone of my bone, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.† And the fact remains till today that â€Å"woman† derives from â€Å"man† as Winston Churchill put it: â€Å"In grammar, as in love, the male embraces the female† when he was asked by a feminist on this point. Ambiguities may occur when using only one word â€Å"man† for both sexes like in the following examples: Eg 1: Like other animals, man nourishes his baby with milk. Hearing such sentence could make people roll on the floor laugh because it sounds contradictory to the common sense. Eg 2: The Company only employs experienced men with good English command. The sentence could make listeners confused since they do not know what the exact sex that the Company wants to employ. Can experienced women with good English command or with much better qualities get a job in the Company? â€Å" 3.3 Sexism in Vietnamese Under a thousands-of-years feudal regime, especially the prolonged domination of China, patriarchal ideology was adopted, nurtured and practiced by the whole Vietnamese society. Such ideology dominated the Vietnamese culture for quite a long time, breeding malicious disregard and contempt of women. Though Vietnam has endeavored to develop a country of gender equality, sexism still exists in many parts of the country, especially in rural areas. This is, to some extent, reflected through the society’s conceptions of women in general and the sexist language people used when it comes to women in particular. â€Å"Nhà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t nam vià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯u, thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ vià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t và ´Ã¢â‚¬  The above sentence can be read literally â€Å"One boy child, write â€Å"yes†, ten girl children, write â€Å"no†. Right at birth, a gender discrimination barrier was set up between a male and a female. The saying affirms the dominant role of the male the family clan and yet if the baby turns out to be a daughter, her existence would mean nothing: her name will not be registered in the family tree. This perspective of the Vietnamese older generations, unfortunately lingers on. In reality, it is common in Vietnam that a poor couple may already have a dozen of daughters but still wish for more until they have a son who will be considered the only heir to the family’s property and tradition. The concept of â€Å"Tam tà ²ng† adopted from Confucius philosophy has been spread out widely from generation to generation in Vietnamese families. Tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i gia tà ²ng phà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥, xuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t già ¡ tà ²ng phu, phu tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ tà ²ng tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ means a girl, since her birth, is a belonging of her father; after she gets married, she becomes a property of her husband and even when her husband passes away, she belongs to their son. In all the stages of her life, the woman has never lived, even for a minute, as an independent human being but an item passed over from one man to another. She cannot make a decision for her own life. Vietnamese literature contains a staggering amount of sexist proverbs and folk- songs where men are deemed to be superior to women. Phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n gà ¡i cà ³ hai bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n sà ´ng, Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c thà ¬ chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹u, bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n trong thà ¬ nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  . The two sentences in the folk-song describe the unpredictable fate of women. They have to accept and unconditionally obey the decision made by her parents whether it is right or wrong one. If , for example, a woman was fortunate enough to marry a good man, she could live a happy life. Otherwise, she would have to endure all the hardships, misery or even sufferings for the rest of her life. The unpredictability of a woman’s life in the past can be found in many other folk-songs and old poems such as: â€Å"Thà ¢n em nhÆ ° hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t mÆ °a xa Hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t rÆ ¡i xuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡t và  o vÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n hoa.† Thà ¢n em trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯ng phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n em trà ²n Bay nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i ba chà ¬m và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc non Rà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯n nà ¡t mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·c Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºu tay kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ » nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·n.. Not only Vietnamese women lost their freedom, did they also suffer from the disrespect for their intelligence and education. â€Å"Ä Ãƒ  n à ´ng nà ´ng nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng khÆ ¡i. Ä Ãƒ  n bà   sà ¢u sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c nhÆ ° cÆ ¡i Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±ng trà ¡Ã‚ ºu.† Literally translated, a man may act hastily but his thought is likened to a deep well whereas a woman may think deeply but her thought is just as narrow as the platter of betel. These two sentences implied a gross underestimate of women’s mind in comparison with men. In the old days, women had almost no access to education and very few opportunities to communicate with the outside world. For this reason, women at that time were not as knowledgeable as men who were granted a preference to pursue their study. Women can also mean misfortune or bad luck, which is clearly expressed in the following tip-of-the-tongue saying: â€Å"Ra ngà µ gà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·p gà ¡i.† This expression says when you go out in the morning, if the first person you meet is a female, you are deemed to fail to gain what you planned to do or you may face with some trouble or even with an accident. A lot of Vietnamese, especially old and rural people, remain sexist in their language usage. They now often say, for example, â€Å"Ä Ãƒ  n bà   thà ¬ là  m Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c gà ¬!†, which covers the idea that women are worthless and women are never able to do anything serious or important. The word â€Å"gà ¡i† which used to refer to the prime time of a female now comes to be used in many contexts as a derogatory term, for example: gà ¡i Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y (that’s a whore.), gà ¡i gà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y (that’s a call girl), Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å" gà ¡i gà ³a (that’s a stuff of widow), Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å" gà ¡i Ä‘Ä © (that’s a promiscuous stuff), etc. Those judgements, nevertheless, no longer holds water in the 21st century Vietnam society, in which women enjoy the same right to go to school and interact socially with others. It is a society where men and women are equal in all aspects: a great number of women are now members of Parliament, senior officials in the government, leaders in a number of industries, honoured professors and doctors. Chapter 4 Sexist English Its Manifestations Language can be likened to a social phenomenon, closely related to social attitudes. What happens in our daily life is partly reflected in our language. The existence of sexist language depicts in the pervasion of sexism in our day-by-day conversations, in our messages, and in our thoughts. In the past, women were supposed to stay at home, remaining powerless and generally subordinates to men whereas men were the focus, the centre of the family and even the whole society. Women have been looked down on as â€Å"the weaker sex† and should be dependent on men. Language simply reflects social facts. 4.1. Ways of addressing Addressing practices for men and women are asymmetric. Inequality is implied when different endearments â€Å"Mrs.† and â€Å"Miss† are used for women in different situations while men are associated with only one endearment â€Å"Mr.† Choosing a title for women depends on their marital status. If a woman is still single, she will be called â€Å"Miss† but after she gets married (or was married as with widow), the title will be changed into â€Å"Mrs.† Thereby, when noticing how a woman is addressed, people can tell that woman has made a wedding vow or not. Using title â€Å"Mr.† before the name of a person, on the other hand, merely shows that the person is a male adult. The term â€Å"Mr.†, used for both single and married men, has perfectly masked the marital status of a man. This linguistic distinction implies that it is more important for woman than man to show whether one is married. However, in a modern and civilized society, a woman’s avowed commitment to another human being which characterizes a marriage is a personal and private matter that bears no relevance in the public sphere. Hence, women should be able to enjoy the same status with the male counterparts who do not need to define themselves in terms of marriage. 4.2. Terms ending in â€Å"man† refer to functions performed by both sexes In English, there is a huge amount of male-oriented words (those contain the element â€Å"–man†) that can in fact apply to both sexes. In deed, when referring to students newly joined a university, the word â€Å"freshmen† is used as if all new students were male. For example:chairman  congressman  councilman newsman  foreman  freshman policeman  salesman  mailman Occupational nouns and job titles ending in -man obscure the presence of women in such professions and positions. For a long period of time, women are deserted from power and the right to voice their opinion in such fields as politics. Hence, it is common sense to view jobs like â€Å"congressman† as for male only, discounting the fact that the number of women making contribution to the political arena is skyrocketing. 4.3. Sex-linked modifiers While male-oriented words are used for both sexes, some other words, especially name of some professions which can be applied for both sexes, are habitually associated with male only. In order to refer to female of those professions, we have to add a modifier such as â€Å"woman†, â€Å"lady† or â€Å"girl† before each name of profession albeit those names of common gender. Common Gender Female Doctor  Woman doctor Professor  Woman professor Engineer  Woman engineer Lawyer  Lady lawyer Reporter  Girl reporter The addition of modifier is a piece of evidence for discrimination against women as it reflects the perspective that women are appendages of men. 4.4. Bound morpheme used for a feminine form of a noun Gender discrimination in language also shows in the fact that a feminine noun of some words can only be obtained by adding a bound morpheme. For example: MALE  FEMALE  MALE  FEMALE Man  Woman  Manager  Manageress Prince  Princess  God  Goddess Author  Authoress  Mayor  Mayoress Count  Countess  Shepherd  Shepherdess Host  Hostess  Steward  Stewardess Poet  Poetess  Usher  Usherette Heir  Heiress  Sailor  Sailorette Hero  Heroine  Conductor  Conductette 4.5. Words that point to Marriage issue In a wedding ceremony, after the couple exchange their rings, the priest will utter his last words: â€Å"I pronounce you man and wife† to officially recognise the connection between two human beings. In the priest’s sentence, there is a lack of parallelism in â€Å"man and wife†. After marriage, the man remains the status of a â€Å"man† while the woman shifts her status into the â€Å"wife of a man†. In a traditional Christian wedding, the official asked â€Å"Who gives the bride away†. And the father would reply â€Å"I do† or â€Å"Her mother and I do† but there in the question lied an inherent problem. The idea that the bride is something to be handed over from one man to another conjures up images of the day when wife and children of a man were considered his properties and establishes the woman in the subservient role of wife. More interestingly, there is much linguistic evidence depicting that weddings are more important to women than to men. A woman cherishes the wedding and is considered a bride for a whole year, but a man is referred to as a groom only on the wedding day. The word â€Å"bride† appears in â€Å"bridal attendant†, â€Å"bridal gown†, â€Å"bridesmaid†, â€Å"bridal shower†, and even â€Å"bridegroom†. The word â€Å"groom† comes from the Middle English word â€Å"grom†, meaning â€Å"man† and in the sense is seldom used outside of the wedding. With most pairs of male/female words, people habitually put the masculine word first, Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kings  and queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls, and host and hostess, but it is the â€Å"bride and groom† who are talked about, not the â€Å"groom and bride†. The importance of marriage to a woman is also shown by the fact that when a  marriage ends in death, the woman gets the title of â€Å"widow†. A man gets the derived  title of â€Å"widower†, which is not used in other phrases or contexts, but widow is seen  in â€Å"widowhood†, â€Å"widows peak†, and â€Å"widows walk†. A â€Å"widow† in a card game is an

The Insanity Plea By Winslad And Ross: Summary Essay -- essays researc

The Insanity Plea by Winslad and Ross: Summary The Insanity Plea is a book about the Uses & Abuses of the Insanity Defense in various cases. The book is by William J. Winslade and Judith Wilson Ross. In this report, I will basically summarize the book and tell you different ways people have used and abused the Criminal Justice System using The Insanity Plea. I will first talk about the case of Dan White. On November 18, 1978, Preliminary reports began broadcasting news of the events in a town called Jonestown, at first all that was known, was that people of a religious cult shot and may have even killed California Congressman Leo Ryan. Then on November 27, 9 days after the news of the death of Congressman Ryan another 2 deaths happened. George Moscone, the mayor of San Francisco, and Harvey Milk, a city supervisor and the leader of San Francisco's politically active gay community, had been shot and killed at death in the San Francisco City Hall. The Police then sniffed-out and charged Dan White with the murders of the 3 people. In 2 years the trial ended with the verdict of guilty on the account of manslaughter. He was later sentenced to 7 years and 8 months in a Prison, with a possibility of parole after 5. After the verdict there were Riots breaking out in the streets because of the verdict. Before hand he was elected a Supervisor and resigned because he didn't like the way that Politics worked. The point before, that I may not have mentioned, is that the defense argued that he was insane and that "a person with a normal background who was brought up in a good home, something is obviously missing." Since he was being charged on 3 accounts of Murder in the 1st, they somewhat bought the insane defense so they lowered his charges to 1 account of voluntary manslaughter, where he received 7 years and 8 months with a possibility of parole after 5 years. In the summer of 1978, Lyman Bostock seemed to have it made very good. He was one of the 3 highest paid players EVER in the American League and he was highly regarded by fans and sportscasters alike. Then one errie, summer night at 10:30 Lyman Bostock was gunned down at Fifth and Jackson in downtown Gary, Illinois while he was riding in the back seat of his uncle's Buick with a twelve gauge shot gun, that was fired by a Mr Leonard Smith. Leonard Smith was a 33 year... ...he Cyprus Houses. He searched the house and found nothing. He undid the leather to allow easy access to his gun as he came out of the building. A group of black teenagers, including Randy approached the building and shouted out to Torsney and asked if his apartment had been searched. Torsney immediately pulled his gun and shot him in the head. Torsney was found with 5 years in a Loony Bin with help from other people. The book itself only gave the plain hard facts on the case and the author did not say anything about his oppinion on any case so I will expand my oppinion. I think that the Insanity Plea is often mis-used, ordianary people just like you and me get of with only 4 years in a mental home for killing people. Also the people who actually ARE insane sometimes get ruled down and are put in jail, where they commit even more crimes. So as you can see, sometimes the Insanity plea was put to good use and some bad, well I guess that is just an opinion. There were more cases left in the book but those were the most important ones in the book, if I took the time to do all of them, This report would be 20 pages long. I thank you for reading it, adios.